Keynote Paper: WLRA Task Force on Women Chair: Dr Karla Henderson
Gendered Nature of Fun: Individual and Societal Outcomes of Leisure Practices Dr. Susan Shaw, University of Waterloo, Canada

Keynote Paper: WLRA Task force on AIDS/SIDA
Concern, Compassion, and Community: Facing the Daunting World-wide Challenges of HIV/AIDS
Dr. Arnold Grossman, New York University, USA

Work and Leisure
Chair: Francis Lobo, Edith Cowan University, Australia

Flexibilisation and Access to Leisure
Koen Breedveld, Tilburg University, The Netherlands

All Work and No Play
S. Holliday, Sheffield Hallam University, UK

The Changing Relationship Between Work Time and Free Time in the Netherlands
P. Peters, Tilburg University, The Netherlands

The Effect of Perceptions of Work on Leisure Meanings
L. Lawrence, University of Luton, UK

Social Psychology of Leisure I
Chair: Mike Tarrant, University of Georgia, USA

Leisure Motivation
H. E. van Tonder, Potchefstroom University, South Africa

Leisure Behaviour and Development of Self: A Social Psychology Analysis
Nuria Codina, University of Barcelona, Spain

Implications of Moderator-Mediator Distinctions in Leisure Research
Yoshi Iwasaki and Roger Mannell, University of Waterloo, Canada

Management and Education I
Chair: Judy White, University of North London, UK

You Make Em Laugh, You Make Em Cry: Understanding the Process of Outdoor Management Development
Bruce Hallyer, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia

To Identify Successful Sport, Tourism and Recreation Managers' Competencies
Clare Hanlon, Victoria University, Australia

Education and Training for Leisure Managers
David Smith, University College of Ripon & York St John, UK

Management and Technology
Chair: Tony Veal, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia

Internet for the Leisure Professional
Thomas T. Gushiken, University of Wisconsin-La-Crosse, USA

System Dynamics Simulation Modelling of Recreation Systems
Kuan-Chou Chen, Bowling Green State University, USA

Pathfinder Analysis of Motivation Knowledge Structures: A Preliminary Investigation
Al Williams, University of New Hampshire, USA, Sam Lankford, University of Hawaii, USA and Don DeGraff, University of Northern Iowa, USA

Access to Leisure I
Chair: Mike Collins, Loughborough University, UK

REEVE AND JACKSON

A Sport for All? Football and the Community
John Harris, Buckinghamshire College, UK

Leisure and Recreation and the "Sports for All" Policy in Developing Countries: A Critical Examination
Claude Cousineau, University of Ottawa, Canada

Countryside Commission: Terry Robinson

Training of Human Resources I
Chair: Rob Lynch, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia

A Plea for Training
David C. Watt, The Leisure Training Consortium, UK

Students - Teacher Interaction Analysis in an Adventure Camp: A Case Study
Nevat Ephraty, The Wingate Institute, Israel

Training and Preparation of Human Resources for New Human Social Need: New Profiles and Methodologies of Training
Ines Moreno, Argentina

Keynote Paper: WLRA Education Commission
Chair: Prof. Hillel Ruskin

IT, Education and Time for Leisure
Prof. John Leighfield, Warwick University, UK, Chairman Research Machines
Leisure Activities
Chair: Grant Cushman, Lincoln University, New Zealand

The Increasing Role of Shopping Centres in Leisure Enjoyment
Clara Steinberg, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Leisure and Satellite and Cable Television
A. Vijayarangan, Madurai Kamaraj University, India

Polish Intelligentsia and the Restructuring of Leisure
B. Jung, Warsaw School of Economics, Poland

The Study of Importance and Necessity of Sport in Contemporary World
Mohsen Ghanbarzadeh, Shahid Chamran University

Leisure and Culture
Chair: Fred Coalter, Heriot-Watt University, UK
An Examination of Cultural Recreation and Cultural Identity: The Case of an Ethnic Group in Multicultural Canada
George Karlis, Ottawa University, Canada

Religious Affiliation and Value Importance in Work and Leisure
Carlos I. Ramos, Laura Valerius, Kimberly J. Shinew, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and Milton O. Meux, Berkeley, USA

Matsuri (festival) as a Traditional Community Recreation in Japan
Ritsuko Yamazaki, Shin Takahashi, Japanese Institute of Leisure, Science and Education, Japan

Weber Revisited: Leisure, Values and Religion
John Kelly, University of Illinois, USA

Social Psychology of Leisure II
Chair: Yoshi Iwasaki, University of Waterloo, Canada

The Analysis of Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and Leisure Activity Preferences
Suzie W. L. Lane, Christine Cashel, Diane Montgomery, Colvin Physical Education Center, Oklahoma, USA

Lifestyle and Outdoor Recreation
Berit Kaae, Danish Forest and Landscape Research Institute, Denmark

The Experimental Nature of High Risk Recreation and Its Importance to Participation
Neil Lipscombe, Charles Sturt University, Australia

Access to Leisure for a Society for All
Michael Tarrant and John Dattilo, University of Georgia, USA

Information Technology and Leisure I
Chair: Margaret Leighfield, Oxford, UK

New Technologies - A Basis for Passive Entertainment or Positive Leisure?
Bill Martin and Sandra Mason, Leisure Consultants, Sudbury, UK

Technology Invades Leisure
Nicole Samuel, Universite Paris, France

Management and Education II
Chair: Bruce Hallyer, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia

Application of New Technology to Undergraduate Natural Resource-Based Leisure Education
Robert Buerger and Jeff Hill, University of North Carolina at Wilmington, USA

Education for Leisure as a Management Strategy
Alan Johnson, Buckinghamshire College, UK

Project Stride: A Unique Summer Intervention Program for Youth in "At Risk" Environments
Paul Wright, Clemson University, USA

Access to Leisure II
Chair: George Torkildsen, International Leisure Management Consultant, UK

The SANGALA National Recreation Programme
R. N. Tsoai, Department of Sport and Recreation, Republic of South Africa

The National Youth Sports Program: A Collegiate Partnership
Steven Ranck, University of Toledo, USA

The Accessibility of Australian Aboriginal People to Sport and Recreation
Heather MacGowan, Ministry of Regional and Aboriginal Services, Western Australian Government

Leisure Education Concepts, Research and Implementation
Chair: Arnold Grossman, New York University, USA

Leisure Education in the 21st Century: A Healthy Communities Model
Joe Levy and Myra Levy, York University, Canada

Recent Developments in Leisure Education Research and Implementation
Atara Sivan, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, and Hillel Ruskin, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel

Aims of Leisure Education
Willy Fache, University of Gent, Belgium

Training of Human Resources II
Chair: Claudette Lefreve, New York University, USA

Improving Quality of Life on Campus Through Adventure Education: An Exploration of College Student Development
Karen L. Barak, University of Wisconsin, USA
Educational Preparation and the Leisure Time of Adults
Nada Kacavenda-Radic, Faculty of Philosophy, Yugoslavia

Advancing Wellness: Effects on Perceptions of Well-Being and Attitudes Towards Leisure Through Systematic Programs of Leisure Education
Dean A. Zoerink, Western Illinois University, USA

Tourism and Environment I
Chair: Alison Voight, University of Northern British Columbia, Canada

Training for Indigenous Ecotourism Development
Stephen Wearing, School of Leisure and Tourism Studies, Sydney, Australia

Untrammeled Wilderness: A Scarce Global Resource for the 21st Century
Robin Draper and Alan Ewert, University of Northern British Columbia, Canada

Outdoor Therapy: Promises and Pitfalls
Alison Voight and Alan Ewert, University of Northern British Columbia, Canada

Leisure and Tourism Environmental Policies: A Critique of Market-Based Approaches
Michael Stabler, University of Reading, UK

Leisure Theory and Research
Chair: John Kelly, University of Illinois at Urbana, USA

Leisure Sciences and Leisure Studies: Looking for Solutions when Answers will do?
Fred Coalter, Heriot-Watt University, UK

Analytical Academicism: An Exploratory Analysis of the Nature of Scholarly Debates in Leisure Studies
Grant Cushman, Lincoln University, New Zealand

Developing a National Research Program: The Case of an Australian Leisure Research Agenda
Rob Lynch, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia and Peter Brown, University of Newcastle, Australia

Leisure Meanings and Values I
Chair: Paul Heintzman, Waterloo University, Canada

Leisure and Values
Karin Blair, Switzerland

Free Time and Leisure: From the Transpersonal Existence to Cosmic Citizenship
Katia Brandao Cavalcanti, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Notre, Brazil

Free Time and Quality of Life for the 21st Century
David Leslie, Glasgow Caledonian University, UK

Searching for the Authentic
J. Lengkeek, Agricultural University Wageningen, The Netherlands

Information Technology and Leisure II
Chair: Nicole Samuel, Paris, France

Virtual Reality - An Examination of the Potential Impacts on Leisure, Recreation and Tourism
Perry Hobson, Southern Cross University, Australia

Internet and Health Care Facility Residents
Daniel Dicker, New York, USA

Information Technology in Leisure and Tourism
Rufat Kasumov, Azerbaijan State Economic Institute, Azerbaijan

Management Issues I
Chair: Peter Taylor, University of Sheffield, UK

How Leisure and Recreation Facilities are Built Today: Contemporary Insight and Application
D. Scot Hunsacker, Councilman/Hunsacker & Associates, USA

Sports and Safety: Leisure and Liability
Steve Frosdick, Staffordshire University, UK

Public Leisure Facilities for Youth in Korea
Jeonng Myung Gim, Myongi University Korea

Tourism I
Chair: David Crouch, Anglia University, UK

Tourists and the On-Site Tourist Experience
Janis Quiding, Lincoln University, New Zealand

A Holiday in the Netherlands: The Destination Choice Process
Bertine Bargeman, Tilburg University, The Netherlands

Leisure, Place and Modernity: Attachment to Summer Cottages
Daniel R. Williams, University of Illinois, USA, Bjorn Kaltenborn, Eastern Norway Research Institute, Norway and Norm McIntyre, University of Karlstad, Sweden

A Step Towards Other Culturea: To Give a Chance to Peace
Majid Karshenas, University of Estahan, Iran

Physically Active Leisure
Chair: Rob Lynch, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia

Plurality and Constraint in Access to Sport in Volos, Greece
Alex Deffner, National Centre of Social Research, Athens, Greece

Utility of the Mass Media for Promoting Physical Activity
L. Wankel, University of Alberta, Canada

Motivational Dimensions of Changing from a Sedentary to an Active Lifestyle
L. Wankel and C. A. Hills, University of Alberta, Canada

Enhancing Leisure Through Exercise
Steven Albrechtsen, University of Wisconsin, USA

Exercise in the Workplace: A Behavioural Consequence Model
Warwick Spinks and B. J. Watt, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia

Leisure Research, Policy and Practice
Chair: Paul T. Jonson, Buckinghamshire College, UK

Towards the Year 2000: Developments in Australian Cultural Policy
Georgia Paton, University of Newcastle, Australia

Designing Leisure Experiences
Graham Berridge, Thames Valley University, UK

Current Issues and Emerging Trends in Therapeutic Recreation Organisations: A Practitioner Perspective
James Little, University of Hawaii, USA, Don DeGraaf, University of Northern Iowa, USA, and Samuel Lankford, University of Hawaii, USA

The Use of Mental Imagery in Leisure Program Design
J. Robert Rossman, Department of Sport and Leisure Studies, Las Vegas, USA

Access to Leisure III
Chair: Claude Cousineau, University of Ottawa, Canada

Quality of Urban Life and Attachment to the Environment: A South African Perspective
Mike Young, Cape Technikon, South Africa

Sport, Leisure, Urban Regeneration and Urban Regimes in Britain and Spain
Ian Henry and J. L. Paramio Salcines, Loughborough University, UK

The Olympic City 2000: Phallic Fallacy in Accessible Leisure Spaces
Betsy Wearing, University of New South Wales and Stephen Wearing, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia

Access to Museums as Leisure Providers, Still a Long Way to Go
Frans Schouten, National Institute for Tourism and Transport Studies, The Netherlands

Management Perspectives of Tourism, Recreation and Environment I
Chair: Samuel Lankford, University of Hawaii, UK

Sustainable Leisure in the International City
Alan Barber, Research Associate, Leisure and Environment Faculty, Cheltenham and Gloucester College of Higher Education, UK

Building Sustainable Communities through Parks and Open Space
Jill Knowles-Lankford, University of Hawaii, USA

Green Space Provision: A Comparison of Green Spaces between Urbanised Areas of Two European Localities and the Effect of Local Agenda 21 on their Respective Planning Strategies
Maggie Jones and Terry Stokes, University College Salford, UK

Local Agenda 21: Policies and Planning and Implementation - The Local Authority Situation in the United Kingdom
David Leslie, Glasgow Caledonian University, UK

Access and Issues for People with Disabilities I

Sports, Recreation and Leisure for All
Joan Westland, Westland Eby Consultants, Canada

Opening Doors to the Great Outdoors: Access to Persons with Disabilities
Gary Robb, Indiana University, USA

Project Life (Leisure Is For Everyone)
Jerry Hitzhusen, University of Missouri, USA

Tourism II
Chair: Derek Hall, The Scottish Agricultural College, UK

The Cultural Environment in Everyday Leisure and Tourism Practices
David Crouch, Anglia University, UK

Crowding and Satisfaction with Ocean Recreation: A Cross-Cultural Perspective
Samuel Lankford, Ronald Hetzler, and Tomoe Kitajima, University of Hawaii, USA

Tourist Role Preferences: A Lifespan Perspective
Heather Gibson, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, USA

A Saskatchewan Vacation Experience .... Down on the Farm
David Fennell and David Weaver, University of Regina, Canada

Spa Tourism: A New Move?
Wolfgang Nahrstedt, University of Beilefeld, Germany

Women and Leisure I
Presider: Deb Bialeschki, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA

Gender, Sport, and Ethnicity: The Australian Experience
Tracy Taylor, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia

Sport Culture and Violence against Women: Critical Analysis
Nathaly Gagnon, Concordia University, Canada

Women Through the Lens of Sport: A Longitudinal Study of Sports Coverage in Australia Newspapers from 1890-1990
Peter Brown, University of Newcastle, Australia

Women, Unemployment and Leisure (In-Depth Interviews and Time Budgets from Unemployed Women
Tess Kay, Loughborough University, UK

AIDS and Leisure I
Chair: Arnold Grossman, New York University, USA

Sex, Alcohol and Drugs on the Beach: "Where the Boys Are" in the Age of AIDS
Bharath M. Josiam and George Smeaton, University of Wisconsin-Stout, USA and J. S. Perry Hobson, Southern Cross University, Australia

HIV/AIDS in India: Growth, Mitigation Efforts, & Their Evaluation
Brijesh Chandra, Agra University, India

Women of Caste "Nut": Prostitution, STDs and AIDS
R. C. Swaranker, University of Rajasthan, India

Tourism III
Chair: Bill Bacon, Cheltenham College of Higher Education, UK

An Investigation into the Characteristics of Holidays Taken by One Parent Families
Gary Mason, Fiona Jordan, and Nicholas Barker, Cheltenham and Gloucester College of Higher Education, UK

Changes in Japanese Tourism Consciousness During the Past Ten Years
Kuniaki Kurihara and Taeko Kawamukai, Tokai University, Japan

Community Attitudes Toward Quality of Life: A Tourism Planning Model
Patricia Maguire, Central Washington University, USA

Leisure and Tourism in an Uncertain Balkan Environment
Derek Hall, School of the Environment, Sunderland, UK

Women and Leisure II
Presider: Myra Betschild, University of Adelaide, Australia

Autobiography and Women's Mountaineering
Karen Stockham, Bradford and Ilkley Community College, UK

Whose Time, Whose Space? Access to Recreational Space for Western Australian Teenage Girls
Kandy James, Edith Cowan University, Australia

Women, Leisure, and Global Issues
Deborah Bialeschki and Karla A. Henderson, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA

Access and Issues for People with Disabilities

Americans with Disabilities Act - Compliance with the Law
MaryAnne Cunningham, Suffolk Parks, Recreation and Facilities Management, USA

Care, Choice and Leisure Opportunities in the Community for People with Learning Disabilities
Jonathan Long, Peter Messent, Liz Smears, Leeds Metropolitan University, UK

The Importance of Fostering Friendships in Facilitating Leisure Opportunities for People with Disabilities
Stephen Beech, Edith Cowan University, Australia

Tourism IV
Chair: Ruth Russell, Indiana University, USA

An Analysis of Industry's Perspective on Regional Tourism Planning and Policy Formulation for 2001
Philip Wang, Kent State University, USA

Tourism Policy in New Developing Countries
Rufat Kasumov, Azerbaijan State Economic Institute, Azerbaijan

Economical Impact and Benefits of Tourism: A South African Perspective
M. Saayman, Institute for Tourism and Leisure Studies, South Africa

The Pre and Actual Holiday Behaviour of Young Single Tourists
N. S. Carr, University of Exeter, UK

Youth and Leisure I
Chair: Thomas Burton, University of Alberta, Canada

Self-Esteem and Recreation Participation Patterns in Taiwanese Adolescents
Ping Yu, National Kaohsiung Normal University, Taiwan and Doris Berryman, New York University, USA

Student Leisure Lifestyles: A Preliminary Investigation
Scott Fleming, Cardiff Institute, UK Lesley Lawrence, University of Luton, UK

Leisure and Life-Span Career Development: Preliminary Findings of a Longitudinal Study
Wayne Munson, Kent State University, USA

Leisure Meanings and Values II
Chair: Karin Blair, Switzerland

Regaining Oneself Back Through Leisure Time is the Key for Survival
Milos Vidakovic, Physical Cultural Federation, Yugoslavia

Leisure and Spirituality: A Theoretical Exploration
Paul Heintzman, University of Waterloo, Canada

Lifespan: New View of Time from Experience to Elaboration
Ines Moreno, Buenos Aries, Argentina

Women and Leisure III
Chair: Kandy James, Edith Cowan University, Australia

Models of Health and of Leisure: Analogies, Alternatives, or an Emergent Paradigm?
Myra Betschild and Beverly Simmons, University of Adelaide, Australia

Women and Leisure: Between Oppression and Empowerment
Nathaly Gagnon, Concordia University, Canada

Constraints on Women's Leisure in Brazil
Cacilda P. Widmer, University of Campinas-Brazil, Brazil and Sandra Peavoy, WICE, The Netherlands

Women, Work and Leisure Futures (Secondary Analysis of Labour Market and Participation Data
Tess Kay, Loughborough University, UK Management Issues II
Chair: Peter Mann, Peter Mann Partnership, UK

Stasis, Chaos and Flexibility: Are Policies and Plans a Help or a Hindrance in the Development of Leisure and Tourism?
Judith Anthony, Association of District Councils, UK

Does a New Philosophy Change the Structures? Compulsory Competitive Tendering and Local Authority Leisure Services in Midland England
Michael F. Collins, Loughborough University, UK

Contracting Out Public Leisure Services: Considerations for Policy Development
Troy D. Glover and Thomas L. Burton, University of Alberta, Canada

Managing Health/Fitness Clubs: Listening to Your Clients. A Consumer Behaviour Research in Health/Fitness Industry
George Costa and G. Tzetzis, Denocritus University of Thrace, Greece

Leisure, Lifestyle and Lifespan I
Chair: Leigh Robinson, University of Sheffield, UK

The Size and Significance of the Voluntary Sector in British Sport
Geoff Nichols, Peter Taylor, Heidi Witt and Simon Shibli, University of Sheffield and Chris Grattan, Sheffield Hallam University, UK

Organisational Change and the Non-Profit Making Sports Sector
Chris Wolsey and Jeff Abrams, Leeds Metropolitan University, UK

Organisational Culture in Western Australian Sports and Recreation Organisations
Sue Colyer, Edith Cowan University, Australia

Leisure Education and Tourism Education I
Chair: Doris Berryman, New York University, USA

Internationalise or Perish? Trends in Leisure and Tourism Education in Europe
Greg Richards, Tilburg University, The Netherlands

Leisure and Tourism as a Subject in Universities
Rufat Kasumov, Azerbaijan State Economic Institute, Azerbaijan

Education for Leisure in the Light of Islamic Education
Tahany Abdel Salem Mohamed El Sayed, Alexandra University, Egypt

Access and Issues for People with Disabilities IV

Researching Community Recreation Pursuits of People with Disabilities: An Analysis Using a Study on Stigma and Community Recreation
Leandra Bedini, Jennifer Fox and Julie Sietas, University of North Carolina, USA

Disability, Young People, Sport and Leisure - Factors Influencing the Quality of Life
Norman Borrett, Frank Kew, Karen Stockham, Bradford Ilkley Community College, UK

Leisure, Recreation and Disability Concerns in the Department of Canadian Heritage
Robert Fern, Department of Canadian Heritage, Canada

Tourism V
Chair: Rob Harris, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia

Tourism and Leisure in an Economically Divided Society: The Case of South Africa
Barbara Morrow, University of Fort Hare, South Africa

Tourists and Refugees: Same Impact, Same Solution
Ruth Russell, Indiana University, USA

The Political Economy of European Tourism Destinations: A Critical Evaluation of the Impact of Different Structures of Capitalism upon the Development of Spas as Significant Tourist Products in Germany and England
Bill Bacon, Cheltenham College of Higher Education, UK

Authenticity and the Tourist Experience
Jillian Litster, Central Queensland University, Australia

Youth and Leisure II
Chair: Wayne Munson, Kent State University, USA

Freedom Versus Control: A Critique of Assumptions and Theories about Leisure, Youth and Deviance
Robert Kassian and Thomas Burton, University of Alberta, Canada

The Use of Free Time Activities by African American Youth to Reinforce Social Roles
Debra Jordan, Leisure Services Division, Cedar Falls, USA

Young People - Free Time or Programmed Leisure
Jenny Anderson, Southampton Institute, UK

Leisure of 15-19 Years Old Youth
Jean-Louis Pare, University of Quebec, Canada

Women and Leisure IV
Presider: Betsy Wearing, University of New South Wales, Australia

Community Theatre as Action Research: Older Women Challenging Leisure Stereotypes
Josephine Burden, Griffith University, Australia

Mature Women Prefer Mature Tourism
Meg Hart, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain

Patriarchal Paradigms and the Politics of Pedagogy: Feminist Analysis and Leisure and Tourism Studies
Cara Aitchison, University of North London, UK

Management Issues III
Chair: Anthonio Bramante, City of Sorocaba, Brazil

Managing a Regional Leisure Service from 3,000 Kilometres Away
Heather MacGowan, Western Australian Government, Sue Colyer and Chris Skinner, Edith Cowan University, Australia

Current Issues, Emerging Trends and Solutions in Armed Forces Recreation: A Practitioners Perspective
Samuel V. Lankford, University of Hawaii, USA

Globalisation and Leisure: Theory and Application
Peter Taylor and Dominic Irvine, University of Sheffield, UK

Management Perspectives of Tourism, Recreation and Environment II
Chair: Alan Barber, Research Associate, Leisure and Environment Faculty, Cheltenham and Gloucester College of Higher Education, UK

Recreation Pressures on the Countryside: Real Concerns or Crisis of the Imagination?
Roger Sidaway, Consultant, UK

Access for All? Paradigm Shift in Government Support for the Provision of Countryside Recreation in England and Wales
Neil Ravenscroft, University of Reading, UK

Promoting Ecotourism as a Form of Sustainable Forest Management in Northern Canada: A Segmentation Analysis of the Latent Ecotourism Market
Dave Robinson, University of Northern British Columbia, Canada

Socialisation into Outdoor Recreation among Finish Population
Tuija Sievanen, Forest Research Institute, Finland

Access and Issues for People with Disabilities V
Observations on the Barriers to Leisure Participation for Individuals with Disabilities in Southeast Asia
Fran Coffey Stanat, University of Milwaukee, USA

Access to Success: Team Adventure Experiences for the Disabled
Nathalie Bartley, Team Adventures Serving the Community, USA

Therapy in Leisure
Jeff Bartley, Salt Ayre Sports Centre, UK

Tourism and Environment II
Chair: Stephen Wearing, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia

Tourism, The Environment and Spain: An Empirical Study
Philippa Hunter-Jones, Manchester Metropolitan University, UK

Ethical Marketing and Competitive Advantage in Tourism in the Future
John Swarbrooke, Sheffield Hallam University, UK

Impacts from Ecotourism: Killing the Goose that Lays the Golden Egg
Alison Voight and Alan Ewert, University of Northern British Columbia, Canada

Children and Leisure
Chair: Scott Fleming, Cardiff Institute of Higher Education, UK

Leisure and the Infant: Giving Birth to the Saving Virtue of Hope
Douglas Joblin, University of Sudbury, UK

The Problem of Freedom in Child Leisure
Esperanza Fonta, University of Barcelona, Spain

Management Issues IV
Chair: Ian Henry, Loughborough University, UK

The Role of Quality Programmes in the Management of Public Leisure Facilities
Leigh Robinson, University of Sheffield, UK

Barriers to Total Quality Management within Public Leisure Services
Leigh Robinson, University of Sheffield, UK

Application of the SERVQUAL Model to the UK Leisure Industry: Are they Servicing the Service rather than Servicing the Customer?
Christine Williams, Lancashire Business School, UK

Management Perspectives of Tourism, Recreation and Environment III
Chair: David Leslie, Glasgow Caledonian University, UK

Adaptation of the Recreation Opportunity Spectrum for Use in Urban Natural Settings
Rosaleen Ward and John Rich, Writtle College, Chelmsford, UK

Terry Robinson: C. Commission

Demarketing in Park and Recreation Management
Christopher Groff, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA

The Development of National Standards and Accreditation for Managing Local Park and Recreation Agencies in the USA
Louis F. Twardzik, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA

Women and Leisure V
Presider: Susan Shaw, University of Waterloo, Canada

Locating Leisure in the Everyday Lives of Elderly Women
Beccy Watson, Sheila Scraton, Peter Bramham, Leeds Metropolitan University, UK

Grandmotherhood as Leisure
Betsy Wearing, University of New South Wales, Australia

Leisure Space of Urban Women
Su-Hsin Lee, Feng Chia University, Taiwan

Leisure in the Cycle of Polish Women's Lives
Elezbieta T. Wozniakowa and Danuta Zalewska, Polish Society "Leisure and Recreation", Poland

Access and Issues for People with Disabilities VI

Like You and Me, Different but not Disabled: Eliminating Handicappism
Fran Coffey Stanat, University of Milwaukee, USA

Supporting Adults with Developmental Disabilities: Recreation and Community Life
Alison Pedlar, Susan Arai, University of Waterloo, USA and Peggy Hutchison, Brock University, USA

Tourism and Environment III
Chair: Mike Stabler, University of Reading, UK

Issues in a Sustainable Tourism Future
Rob Harris, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia

Conservation as a Strategy to Promote Tourism: The Impact on Indigenous Peoples in East Africa
Jean Keefe, Berkshire, UK

Nature-Based Tourism and the Mediation of Nature
Kevin Markwell, University of Newcastle, Australia

Leisure in Later Life I
Chair: V. A. Kerton, Cheltenham and Gloucester College of Higher Education, UK

The Male Leisure Repertoire Before and After the Transition to Mid-Life
John Dodd, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia

Development of Wellness Programme for the Older Adult Long-Term Care Resident
William Bryan, Manhattanville Nursing Care Center, New York, USA

Unemployment and Leisure
Chair: Koen Breedveld, Tilburg University, The Netherlands

Leisure and the Unemployed
Donald Reid, University of Guelph, Canada and Roger Mannell, University of Waterloo, Canada

Unemployment, Leisure and Lifestyle: The Inter-Relationships
Francis Lobo, Edith Cowan University, Australia

Women and Leisure VI
Women and Leisure - Open Discussion
Karla Henderson, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA

Management Perspectives of Tourism, Recreation and Environment IV
Chair: Al Williams, University of New Hampshire, USA

The Economic Impact of Recreational Boating in Puerto Rico
Nelson Melendez, University of Puerto Rico, USA

Outdoor Activity Centres and Opportunities for Environmental Education
Mary Allison and John Taylor, Heriot-Watt University, UK

Up the Wall - An Analysis of the Impact of Indoor Climbing Walls on the Sport of Rock Climbing
Dan Morgan, Bolton Business School, UK

Extreme Leisure: A Worldwide Perspective on the Status and Impacts of Adventure Recreation
Alan W. Ewert, University of Northern British Columbia, Canada and Steven J. Hollenborst, West Virginia University, USA

Management Perspectives of Tourism, Recreation and Environment V
Chair: Lou Twardzik, Michigan State University, USA

A Unique Tourist Attraction: The Okavango Delta in Botswanabr> B. Kalui, University of Botswana, Botswana

Xcaret: A Fascinating Leisure Experience
Adriana E. Estrada Gonzalez, Universidad Mexicana del Noreste, Mexico

Attributes and Benefits Sought by the Sun-Moon Lake Visitors in Taiwanx
Sz-Reng Chen, World College of Journalism and Communications, Taiwan

Customer Motivation and its Application to Heritage Attractions
I. V. Frochot, Crewe and Alsager Faculty, UK

Quest! An Attempt at Developing a Rural, Heritage and Ecotourism Discussions Group Via E-Mail
Steven Illum, Southwest Missouri State University, USA

Will the Dragon Roar? East Meets West - Recreation and Sports Management Educational Perspectives: The Hong Kong Experience
Elizabeth Dendle, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, and Peter Kalmund, Victoria University - Melbourne, Australia

Leisure in Europe I
Chair: Stephen Williams, Staffordshire University, UK

Speculations on the Future of Leisure in Central Europe (as seen from a Polish Perspective)
Bohdan Jung, Warsaw School of Economics, Poland

Sport, Policy and the European Union
Ian Henry and N. Matthews, Loughborough University, UK

The Europeans and Their Leisures
Philippe Rucheton, France

From Euro Disney to Disneyland Paris: Americanisation or Globalisation of the European Leisure Industry?
Ralph C. Wilcox, University of Memphis, USA

Leisure in Later Life II
Chair: John Dodd, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia

Ageing and Leisure in a Contemporary Society: "The New Leisure Class"
S. Swart, Institute for Tourism and Leisure Studies, Potchefstroom, South Africa

Leisure and Longevity
Karin Blair, Switzerland

The Impact of Age, Sex, and Physical Functioning on Leisure Activity Participation of Older Adults
Debra Stanley, Miami University, USA

Value Importance in Work, Family and Leisure at a Transition Stage of the Life Cycle
Carlos Ramos, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA, Milton Meux, Berkeley, California, USA and Gaylen Chandler, Utah State University, USA

Leisure and Enjoyment II
Chair: John Haworth, University of Manchester, UK

Personal Expressiveness and the Transcendence of Negative Life Events
Douglas A. Kleiber, University of Georgia, USA

The Usefulness of the Concept of "Quality of Human Life"
Joop D. Kramer, Leisure Management School, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands

Leisure, Lifestyle and Lifespan II
Chair: Steven Ranck, University of Toledo, USA

Urban Leisure and the Role of the New Pleasure Periphery
Graeme Evans, University of North London, UK

Motives for Participation in Recreational Sport Activities
Kostas Alexandris and Bob Carroll, University of Manchester, UK

Leisure Lifestyle in Developing Countries: Reasons for Non-Participation
Anthonio Carlos Bramante, Sorocaba, Brazil

Management Perspectives of Tourism, Recreation and Environment VI
Chair: to be announced

The Resort Cycle and Regeneration: The Case of Seaside Tourism Along the South Coast of England
Sheela Agarwal, Sheffield Hallam University, UK

The Wales Tourist Board Welcome Host Initiative
Diana James and Adrienne Sweeney, University of Glamorgan, UK

SERVIM: A Methodology for Innovation and Improvement of Service in Tourism
Willy Fache, University of Gent, Belgium

Management Perspectives of Tourism, Recreation and Environment VII
Chair: R. N. Tsoai, Department of Sport and Recreation, Republic of South Africa

The Decline and Rise of the Scottish Sporting Estates in the 1990s
Grant Jarvie, Heriot-Watt University, UK

Sports Tourism - The Leisure Pursuit of "Being There"
Stephen Baines, British Institute of Sports Administration, UK

Importance of Recreation Opportunities Relative to Tourism Development: A Cross-Cultural Perspective
Samuel V. Lankford and Jill Knowles-Lankford, University of Hawaii, USA

The Search for a Sport-Tourism Policy Network
Mike Weed and Chris Bull, Canterbury Christ Church College, UK

Recreation as a Non-Formal Education Program
Clara Steinberg, SERVENCO, Brazil

Leisure in Europe II
CRB
Chair: Bohdan Jung, Warsaw School of Economics, Poland

Real Worlds: Imagined Worlds; Bounded Worlds - Access to Leisure in Post-Modern Cities
Stephen Williams, Staffordshire University, UK

Social Determinants of Leisure
Nevenka Cernigoj Sadar, University Ljubljana, Slovenija

Image of Businessmen in the Polish Press
Bozena Mierzejewska, Warsaw School of Economics, Poland

Rotterdam Leisure Survey 1995
Sjoerd Rijpma, Gerard van de Linden, City of Rotterdam Leisure Services, The Netherlands

Leisure in Later Life III
Chair: William Bryan, Manhattanville Nursing Care Center, USA

A Tale of Two Industries: Tourism and Retirement in a Southern State
Colleen May, Tiffin University, USA

Health-Care for Older Citizens
V. A. Kerton, Cheltenham College of Higher Education, UK

Leisure and Enjoyment II
Chair: Douglas Kleiber, University of Georgia, USA

Enjoyment, Leisure and Well-Being
John Haworth, University of Manchester, UK

What is this thing called Enjoyment'?
Paul T. Jonson, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia

Management Issues V
Chair: Betsy Wearing, University of New South Wales, Australia

Commercialised Domesticity: The Role of Women in Travel and Tourism Management
Fiona Jordan, Cheltenham and Gloucester College of Higher Education, UK

Changing Organisations and Work Patterns: Implications for Women as Leisure Managers and as Leisure Consumers
Judy White, University of North London, UK

Leisure, Lifestyle and Lifespan III
Chair: Judith Anthony, Association of District Councils

The Value and Structure of Commercial Leisure
Peter Taylor and Dominic Irvine, University of Sheffield, UK

Social and Economic Impacts of the Sydney Casino
Rob Lynch and Tony Veal, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia

Management Perspectives of Tourism, Recreation and Environment VIII
Chair: Nelson Melendez, University of Puerto Rico, USA

Towards Promotion of Tourism: A Case Study of Environment in and around Taj Mahal
Anil Kumar Lal, Agra, India

Special Places 2000: Protecting Alberta's National Heritage - Integrating Science and Public Consultation
Guy S. Swinnerton, University of Edmonton, Canada

Key Issues in Ecotourism Management
Paul F. J. Eagles, University of Waterloo, Canada

Training of Human Resource II
Chair: Anthonio Bramante, Brazil

WLRA International Centre for Excellence, WICE
Teus Kamphorst, Director WICE, The Netherlands